As mentioned before, both programming languages and operating sytems beautify the hardware, with the former addressing ephemeral abstractions private to a process and the latter those that are persistent and shared among multiple processes. One can integrate them by devising a single set of abstractions that can be private or shared and emphemeral or persistent. In particular, one can start with the abstractions supported by a programming language such as ints, records, and arrays and make them persistent and shared. As a result, a much richer set of abstractions, with the benefit of type checking, would be persistent and shareable. The principle used here is that typing is orthogonal to sharing and persistence. Several persistent programming languages embracing this principle have been developed.