Genus Neivamyrmex (Ecitoninae)

• Acamatus Emery, 1894d: 181 (as subgenus of Eciton) . Type species: Eciton (Acamatus) schmitti Emery, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W: . Junior homonym of Acamatus Schoenherr, 1833 (Coleoptera). Replacment name is Neivamyrmex Borgmeier, 1940. Junior homonym of Acamatus Schoenherr, 1833.
• Neivamyrmex Borgmeier, 1940: 606 (as subgenus of Eciton) . Neivamyrmex raised to genus: Borgmeier, 1950c: 624. Replacement name for junior homonym Acamatus Emery, 1894.
• Woitkowskia Enzmann, E.V. 1952: 443. Type species: Woitkowskia connectens Enzmann, by original designation. Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1955: 443.

• OVERVIEW.   About 120 species are known for this New World genus and 25 are found north of Mexico. Most species are found in the southwestern states with a few ranging east to the Atlantic coast and as far north as Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa. The species are hypogaeic and are found in the soil under objects, though some have been reported from rotten logs and stumps. Some may carry on their foraging and emigrating activities during daylight, but most are apparently nocturnal in their activities. Most colonies have one functional queen, and new colonies are produced by fission. The cyclic pattern of nomadic and statary phases is similar to the tropical species, but in most Nearctic species the activity stops in the autumn and resumes again in the spring. Because many of the species listed below were described from a single caste, future study and caste association may reveal that fewer species actually exist (Smith, D.R. 1979: 1329). Nest of other ants are the primary target of their raids.
• ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS.  New World.


      
Photo of Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson) from CA, San Luis Obispo Co.. Courtesy of Ant Web, U. of Calif. Davis


• RECOGNITION.   Clypeus reduced. Frontal carinae close together and almost vertical; not covering antennal insertions in full face view. Eye absent or reduced to a single facet. Antennae 12-segmented; scape short and robust, usually not extending much beyond posterior border of eye; segments of funniculus often enlarged. Propodeum without teeth or spines. Petiole longer than postpetiole and usually with a dorsal spine or tubercle. Waist 2-segmented. Tarsal claw simple; without a median tooth. This is by far and away the most common genus of army ant in North America.



Figure of Neivamyrmex nigrescens from Smith, M.R. 1965.


• SPECIES IDENTIFICATION.   To determine the species, use the key in Watkins, 1985 along with the modifications to the key in Ward, 1999. J. Hym. Res. 8: 90-91. Neither of these sources include the recently discovered N. isodentatus. Workers that key out to N. moseri should be compared against the original description of N. isodentatus in MacKay, W.P. 1998. Southwest. Nat. 43: 333-335.
• TRIBE.  Ecitonini.
• REVISIONS.   Smith, M.R. 1942c: 537–590 (USA species) .— Borgmeier, 1955: 277–651 (New World species) .
• TAXONOMY.   Smith, M.R. 1947f: 527, 528, pl. 1, fig. 2 (description of w., figure (lateral view) of w.) .— Borgmeier, 1950b: 381–386.— Watkins, 1971: 93–103 (key to major workers and queens of USA) .— Watkins, 1972: 347–372 (USA, keys for w.q.m., distribution) .— Bolton, 1994: figs. 70, 71 (SEM (full face and lateral view) of w.) .—Ward, 1999: 90–91.—Bolton, 2003: 279.
• MISCELLANEOUS.   Borgmeier, 1957b.— Schneirla, 1958: 215–255 (last part of functional season, s.e. Ariz.) .—Schneirla. 1961: 1–32.— Rettenmeyer, 1963: 433–452 (behavioral studies) .—Schneirla, 1963: 583–595.— Watkins, 1964: 22–28 (trail following) .— Watkins & Cole, 1966: 254–265 (attraction of workers to secretions of queens) .— Watkins, Cole & Baldridge, 1967: 146–151 (trail following and trail preference) .— Plsek, Kroll & Watkins, 1969: 452–456 (association with carabids) .

• agilis. Neivamyrmex agilis Borgmeier, 1953: 44 (w.) . [Mexico, Chihuahua; MCZ] Note that the correct page number of the original citation is '44' not '45' as in Bolton, 1995b: 287.
• cocula. Eciton (Acamatus) cocula Mann, 1925a: 77 (w.) . Nomen nudum. [Mexico] Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1955: 406.

• DISTRIBUTION. Southern Arizona, New Mexico; Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 10, pl. 3, fig. 6, pl. 4, fig. 12 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w.) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• andrei. Eciton andrei Emery, 1901d: 53, fig. 6 (m.) . [Mexico] Combination in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 19.
• oslari. Eciton (Acamatus) oslari Wheeler, W.M. 1908h: 415, pl. 26, fig. 8 (m.) . [USA, AZ, Santa Cruz Co.; AMNH] Combination in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 579. Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1953: 19.

• DISTRIBUTION. Also found in Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Borgmeier, 1955: 451.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, fig. 13 (figure (full face view) of m.) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• baylori. Neivamyrmex baylori Watkins, 1973: 430, figs. 1–8 (m.) . [USA, TX, McLennan Co.; Baylor Univ.]

• DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type locality in Waco, Texas.
• TAXONOMY. Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, fig. 17 (figure (full face view) of m.) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• californicus. Eciton californicum Mayr, G. 1870b: 969 (w.) . [USA, CA, San Francisco Co.; No types in USA.] Watkins, 1972: 364 (q.) . Combination in E. (Acamatus): Emery, 1894d: 182 (in text); in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 560; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 8.
• obscura. Eciton (Acamatus) californicum var. obscura Forel, 1914d: 265 (q.) . [USA] Unresolved junior primary homonym of Eciton spinolae obscurum Forel, 1911. Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1955: 517.

• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 542, 560–561 (description of w.) .— Creighton, 1950a: 667, 69, 70 .— Watkins, 1972: 363–366 (description q., distribution) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 3, fig. 1, pl. 4, fig. 5 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w.) .— Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 20, map 2 (description of w., occurrence in NV) .—Ward, 1999: 76–84, 91–95, figs. 1–3, 10.
• MISCELLANEOUS. Mallis, 1938: 220–226.— Mallis, 1941: 62 (brief natural history, distribution in CA, as E. (Acamatus) californicus) .
• ALL REFERENCES
• PHOTOS.

• carolinensis. Eciton (Acamatus) carolinense Emery, 1894d: 184 (diagnosis in key) (w.) [USA, NC, Gaston Co.; MCZ, AMNH] Wheeler, W.M. 1921d: 314 (q.m.) . Combination in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 564; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 6. Note that the correct form of the original name is 'Eciton (Acamatus) carolinense' not 'Eciton (Acamatus) carolinensis' as in Bolton, 1995b: 288.

• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 543, 544, 545, 564–568, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig. 11, pl. 7, fig. 22 (description of w.q.m., distribution, figure (petiole and postpetiole) of w., figure (top view) of q., figure (full face view) of m.) .— Borgmeier, 1955: 507.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 9, pl. 3 fig. 5, pl. 4, fig. 11, pl. 5, fig. 8 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w., figure (full face view) of m.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Smith, M.R. 1928b: 245.— Dennis, 1938: 278, 304.— Creighton, 1950a: 67, 69, 71 .— Watkins, 1964: 22–28 (trail following) .— Watkins & Rettenmeyer, 1967: 228–233 (effect of queen on longevity of workers) .— MacKay, Lowrie, et. al. 1988: 87 (occurrence in NM) .
• ALL REFERENCES
• PHOTOS.

• fallax. Neivamyrmex fallax Borgmeier, 1953: 48, figs. 31, 33 (w.) . [USA]

• DISTRIBUTION. Also found in Mexico and Guatemala.
• TAXONOMY. Borgmeier, 1955: 425.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 13, pl. 3, fig. 9, pl. 4, fig. 15 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w.) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• fuscipennis. Eciton (Neivamyrmex) fuscipennis Smith, M.R. 1942c: 578, pl. 4, fig. 15 (m.) . [USA, TX; USNM] Combination in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 18. Attributed to Cresson. Synonymy: Bolton, 1995b: 289.
• fuscipennis. Acamatus fuscipennis Wheeler, W.M. 1908h: 417 (m.) . Nomen nudum.

• DISTRIBUTION. Kansas, eastern Texas.
• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 544, 578–579, pl. 4, fig. 15 (description of m., figure (full face view) of m.) .— Creighton, 1950a: 69, 71–72 .— Borgmeier, 1955: 642.— Watkins, 1975d: 85–90 (relationship to N. macropterus Borgmeier, lectotype) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, fig. 7 (figure (full face view) of m.) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• harrisii. Labidus harrisii Haldeman, 1852: 367, pl. 9, figs. 4–6 (m) . [USA, TX, Coryell Co.; No types known to exist.] Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1984a: 273 (l.) . Combination in Eciton (Labidus): Mayr, 1886d: 441; in E. (Acamatus): Emery, 1900e: 187; in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 572; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1955: 522.
• wheeleri. Eciton wheeleri Emery, 1901d: 55, fig. 8 (w.) . [w.: USA, TX, Hays Co., q.: USA, TX, (Fort Worth); w.: MCZ, q.: Creighton Collection] Smith, M.R. 1942c: 561 (q.) . Combination in E. (Acamatus): Wheeler, W.M. 1908h: 412; in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 561; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 6. Note that the page number in the original citation is 'Emery, 1901d: 55' not 'Emery, 1901d: 65' as in Smith, D.R. 1979: 1330. Synonymy: Watkins, 1968: 275.
• dubia. Eciton (Acamatus) wheeleri subsp. dubia Creighton, 1932: 75, pl. 3, figs. 1–3 (w.q.) . [USA, TX, (Fort Worth)] Synonymy: Smith, M.R. 1942c: 561 (dubia juinor synonym of wheeleri) ; Watkins, 1968: 275 (wheeleri juinor synonym of harrissii) .
• harrisi. Neivamyrmex harrisi Watkins, 1976: 3 (attributed to Haldeman) . Incorrect subsequent spelling of N. harrisii (Haldeman).

• DISTRIBUTION. Also found in Mexico. Records citing this species from Utah are probably incorrect.
• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 544, 572–574, pl. 6, fig. 21 (description of m., distribution, figure (full face view)of m.) .— Smith, M.R. 1943e: fig. 4e (figure of hypopygium of m.) .— Creighton, 1950a: 69, 72 .— Borgmeier, 1955: 511 (as N. wheeleri) .— Borgmeier, 1958a: 206–207.— Watkins, 1968: 273–275 (association of castes) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 8, pl. 3, fig. 4, pl. 4, fig. 10, pl. 5, fig. 1 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w., figure (full face view) of m.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Forbes & Do-Van-Quy, 1965: 95–111.— Watkins & Cole, 1966: 254–265 (attraction of workers to secretion of queens) .— Watkins, Cole & Baldridge, 1967: 146–151 (trail following and trail preference) .— Plsek, Kroll & Watkins, 1969: 452–456 (carabids in raiding columns) .— Mirenda, Eakins, et.al. 1980: 119–127 (preyed exclusively on Solenopsis xyloni while nearby N. nigrescens preyed on termites and Pheidole spp. ) .— Van Pelt, 1983: table 1 (habitat and frequency in the Chisos Mts., Texas) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• isodentatus. Neivamyrmex isodentatus MacKay, W.P. 1998: 333 (w.) . [USA, TX, Kleberg Co.; MCZ, USNM, Texas A&M U., BMNH, Museo de Historia Nacional - Columbia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sã]

• ALL REFERENCES

• leonardi. Eciton (Acamatus) leonardi Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 392 (w.) . [USA, CA, San Diego Co.; MCZ] Combination in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 570; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 10.
• peninsulare. Eciton (Acamatus) peninsulare Mann, 1926: 98 (w.) . [Mexico] Combination in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 10. Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1955: 431.

• DISTRIBUTION. Also found in Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 543, 570–571 (description of w.) .— Creighton, 1950a: 67, 72–73 .— Borgmeier, 1953: 10.— Watkins, 1971: 101–103 (description of w., biological notes) .— Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1973e: 38 (diagnosis of w., occurrence in CA) .— Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1973e: 38 (diagnosis of w., occurrence in CA) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 12, pl. 3, fig. 8, pl. 4, fig. 14 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Mallis, 1941: 62 (distribution in CA) .— Watkins & Cole, 1966: 254–265 (= paluxillus of authors, not Wheeler, attraction of workers to secretion of queens) .— Watkins, Cole & Baldridge, 1967: 146–151 (= pauxillus of authors, not Wheeler; trail following and trail preference) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• macropterus. Neivamyrmex macropterus Borgmeier, 1953: 40, figs. 14, 16 (m.) . [Mexico, Durango; USNM]

• DISTRIBUTION. Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona; Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Borgmeier, 1955: 645.— Watkins, 1975d: 85–89 (relationship to fuscipennis (Wheeler)) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, fig. 8 (figure (full face view) of m.) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• melanocephalus. Eciton (Acamatus) melanocephalum Emery, 1895d: 260 (w., in footnote) . [Mexico, (Tepic); USNM] Combination in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 549; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 6. Note that the original combination is 'Eciton melanocephalum' not 'Eciton (Acamatus) melanocephalum' as in Smith, D.R. 1979: 1331.
• xipe. Eciton (Acamatus) melanocephalum subsp. xipe Wheeler, W.M. 1914c: 41 (w.) . [Mexico, Hildago, (San Miguel)] Synonymy: Smith, M.R. 1942c: 549 ; Borgmeier, 1953: 19.

• DISTRIBUTION. Southern Arizonia to Honduras.
• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 542, 549–550 (description of w.) .— Borgmeier, 1955: 385.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 2, fig. 9, pl. 4, fig. 4 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Rojas-Fernández & Fragoso, 1994: 50–51 (diagnosis of w., habitat) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• melshaemeri. Labidus melshaemeri Haldeman, 1852: 368, pl. 9, figs. 7–9 (m.) . [USA, TX, Coryell Co.; Types apparently lost.] Combination in E. (Labidus): Emery, 1900e: 187; in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 576; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 8.
• melsheimeri. Neivamyrmex melsheimeri Smith, M.R. 1951c: 780 (attributed to Haldeman) . Unjustified emendation of Neivamyrmex melshaemeri (Haldeman).

• DISTRIBUTION. LA, OK, TX south to Costa Rica. Records citing this species from Utah are probably incorrect.
• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 544, 576–578, pl. 4, fig. 16 (description of m., figure (full face view) of m.) .— Creighton, 1950a: 69, 73 .— Borgmeier, 1955: 647.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, figs. 5, 6 (figure (full face and lateral view) of head of m.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Wheeler, W.M. 1908h: 418 .
• ALL REFERENCES

• microps. Neivamyrmex microps Borgmeier, 1955: 635, pl. 56, figs. 6, 10; pl. 80, fig. 4 (m.) . [USA, AZ, Maricopa Co.]

• DISTRIBUTION. Arizona (Phoenix).
• TAXONOMY. Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, fig. 20 (figure (full face view) of m.) .

• minor. Labidus minor Cresson, 1872: 195 (m.) . [USA, TX, Bosque Co.; USNM, ANSP] Combination in Eciton (Labidus): Mayr, 1886d: 441; in E. (Acamatus): Emery, 1900e: 187; in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 574; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 8.
• minus. Labidus minus Dalla Torre, 1893: 4. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Labidus minor Cresson. Synonymy: Bolton, 1995b: 290.

• DISTRIBUTION. Also found in Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Wheeler, W.M. 1908h: 418 (description of m.) .— Smith, M.R. 1942c: 544, 574–575, pl. 4, fig. 17 (description of m., distribution, figure (full face view) of m., as Eciton (Neivamyrmex) minus (Cresson)) .— Creighton, 1950a: 69, 73 (as Eciton (Neivamyrmex) minus (Cresson)) .— Borgmeier, 1955: 630.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, figs. 14, 15 (figure (full face and lateral view) of head of m.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 165.— Mallis, 1941: 62 (brief natural history, distribution in CA) .— Cole, A.C. 1966b: 26 .— Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 20 (occurrence in NV) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• mojave. Eciton (Neivamyrmex) mojave Smith, M.R. 1943f: 196, fig. 1 (m.) . [USA, CA, (Mojave Desert); USNM] Combination in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1955: 633. Note the correct form of the original name is ' Eciton (Neivamyrmex) mojave' not ' Eciton (Acamatus) mojave' as in Bolton, 1995b: 290.

• DISTRIBUTION. This speices is known only from type material.
• TAXONOMY. Creighton, 1950a: 69, 73 .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, fig. 19 (figure (full face view) of m.) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• moseri. Neivamyrmex moseri Watkins, 1969: 529, figs. 1–5 (w.) . [USA, LA, Rapides Parish; MCZ, AMNH, Watkins Collection, Borgmeier Collection.] Watkins, 1971: 96 (q.) .

• TAXONOMY. Watkins, 1971: 95–99 (description of w.q., natural history) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, figs. 15, 17, pl. 3, fig. 11, pl. 4, fig. 17 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w.) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• nigrescens. Labidus nigrescens Cresson, 1872: 194 (m.) . [USA, TX, Bosque Co.] Wheeler, W.M. 1900a: 563 (q.) . Combination in Eciton: Dalla Torre, 1893: 5; in E. (Labidus): Emery, 1895d: 261; in E. (Acamatus): Emery, 1900e: 187; in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 550; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1955: 494; in E . (Neivamyrmex): Gregg, R.E. 1963: 286; in Neivamyrmex: Watkins, 1972: 349.
• schmitti. Eciton (Acamatus) schmitti Emery, 1894d: 183 (w., diagnosis in key) . [USA] Emery, 1895d: 258 (w.) . Synonymy: Smith, M.R. 1938b: 160 ; Borgmeier, 1955: 494.

• DISTRIBUTION. Southern USA with extensions up the Mississippi River valley as far north as Illinois; Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 543, 543, 544, 550–555, fig. 2, pl. 1, fig. 4, pl. 2 fig. 10, pl. 7, fig. 23 (description of w.q.m., distribution, figure (petiole and postpetiole) of w., figure (full face view) of w.m., figure (top view) of q.) .— Wheeler, G.C. 1943: 331 (larva) .— Smith, M.R. 1947f: pl. 1, fig. 2 (figure (lateral view) of w.) .— Creighton, 1950a: 66, 68, 69, 73–74, pl. 12, figs. 1–4 (figure (lateral view) of w.q.m. wing) .— Smith, M.R. 1965: 18–19, fig. 3 (diagnosis of w., natural history, figure (lateral view) of w.) .— Watkins, 1972: 358–363 (worker, distribution) .— Petralia & Vinson, 1980: 378.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig. 10, pl. 4, fig. 6, pl. 5, fig. 2 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w., figure (full face view) of m.) .—Ward, 1999: 84–88, 91–95, figs. 4–9, 11–12.
• MISCELLANEOUS. Wheeler, W.M. 1900a: 565–574.— Smith, M.R. 1927a: 401–404 .— Cole, A.C. 1953d: 84.— Borgmeier, 1957b: 393 (maxillary and labial palps) .— Schneirla, 1958: 215–255.— Gregg, R.E. 1963: 286–288 (habitat, distribution in CO) .— Rettenmeyer, 1963: 446–452.— Watkins, 1964: 22–28 (trail following) .— Watkins & Cole, 1966: 254–265 (attraction of workers to secretion of queens) .— Watkins, Cole & Baldridge, 1967: 146–151 (trail following and trail preference) .— Watkins, Gehlbach & Baldridge, 1967: 455–462 (blind snake follows pheromone trails of nigrescens) .— Plsek, Kroll & Watkins, 1969: 452–456 (carabids in raiding columns) .— Topoff, 1969: 375–381 (predatory association between carabids and nigrescens) .— Watkins, Gehlbach & Kroll, 1969: 1098–1102 (attractant, repellant secretions) .— Topoff, Boshes & Trakimas, 1972: 361–366 (trail following differences between callow workers and mature workers) .— Watkins, Gehlbach & Plsek, 1972: 34 (behavior of blind snake in response to raiding columns) .— Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1973e: 38–40 (diagnosis w.q.m., natural history) .— Mirenda & Topoff, 1980: 129–135 (quantitative study of nomadic behavior) .— Mirenda, Eakins, et.al. 1980: 119–127 (ecology of raiding behavior) .—Topoff, H.& Mirenda, 1980: 1040–1045.—Topoff, H.Mirenda, Droual & Herrick, 1980: 779–789.—Topoff,H., Rothstein, Pujdak & Dahlstrom, 1981: 151–161.—Mirenda, Eakins & Topoff, H. 1982: 308–331.— Van Pelt, 1983: table 1 (habitat and frequency in the Chisos Mts. Texas) .— MacKay, Lowrie, et. al. 1988: 87 (occurrence in NM) .— Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, 1990: 581, 582, 583 (brief summary of natural history, frequency of emigration during migratory phases is influenced by food supply) .
• ALL REFERENCES
• PHOTOS.

• nyensis. Neivamyrmex nyensis Watkins, 1977b: 421, figs. 1–4 (w.) . [USA, NV, Nye Co.; LACM, USNM, Private collections of G.C. Wheeler and Watkins.]

• DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type colony.
• TAXONOMY. Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 11, pl. 3, fig. 7, pl. 4, fig. 13 (figure (full face, lateral and top views) of w.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 20, map 2 (diagnosis of w., occurrence in NV) .
• ALL REFERENCES

• opacithorax. Eciton (Acamatus) californicum subsp. opacithorax Emery, 1894d: 184 (w., diagnosis in key) . [w.: USA, MO, Ripley Co., q.: USA, NC, Gaston Co., m.: USA, TX, (Austin); w.: USNM, MCZ, q.: MCZ?, m.: MCZ] Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901. Combination in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 555; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1955: 502. Raised to species: Emery, 1900e: 186.
• castaneum. Eciton (Acamatus) opacithorax var. castaneum Borgmeier, 1939: 416 (w.) . [Costa Rica] Borgmeier, 1948a: 192 (q.m.) . Combination in E. (Neivamyrmex): Borgmeier, 1948a: 191; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 5. Subspecies of opacithorax: Borgmeier, 1948a: 191. Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1955: 502.

• DISTRIBUTION. Southern USA; Mexico to Costa Rica.
• TAXONOMY. Wheeler, W.M. 1908h: 411, pl. 26, fig. 4 (figure (full face view) of m.) .— Smith, M.R. 1942c: 542, 543, 544, 555–560, pl. 2, fig. 9, pl. 6, fig. 20 (description of w.q.m., distribution, figure (top view) of q., figure (full face view) of m.) .— Creighton, 1950a: 67, 68, 69, 74–75 .— Smith, M.R. 1965: 19–20, fig. 3 (diagnosis w., natural history, figure (lateral view) w.) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 7, pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 4, fig. 9, pl. 5, fig. 4 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w., figure (full face view) of m.) .— Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1990a: 461–463, figs. 1–6 (larva) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 163, 172.— Smith, M.R. 1924b: 84.— Mallis, 1941: 62 (occurrence in CA) .— Cole, A.C. 1953d: 84.— Borgmeier, 1957b: 393 (maxillary and labial palps) .— Schneirla, 1958: 215–255.— Rettenmeyer, 1963: 437–446.— Watkins, 1964: 22–28 (trail following) .— Watkins & Cole, 1966: 254–265 (attraction of workers to secretion of queens) .— Watkins, Cole & Baldridge, 1967: 146–151 (trail following and trail preference) .— Watkins, Gehlbach & Baldridge, 1967: 455–462 (a blind snake follows pheromone trails of opicithorax) .— Van Pelt, 1983: table 1 (habitat and frequency in the Chisos Mts., Texas) .— MacKay, Lowrie, et. al. 1988: 87 (occurrence in NM) .
• ALL REFERENCES
• PHOTOS.

• pauxillus. Eciton (Acamatus) pauxillum Wheeler, W.M. 1903c: 93, fig. 1 (w.) . [USA, TX, (Austin); AMNH, MCZ] Watkins, 1971: 99, figs. 21, 23, 25 (q.) . Combination in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 569; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 19.

• DISTRIBUTION. Texas; Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Smith, M.R. 1942c: 542, 569–570, pl. 1, fig. 8 (description of w., figure (full face view) of w.) .— Creighton, 1950a: 67, 75 .— Borgmeier, 1955: 570.— Watkins, 1971: 99–101 (description w.q., natural history) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, figs. 14, 16, pl. 3, fig. 10, pl. 4, fig. 16 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Smith, M.R. 1938b: 158 .
• ALL REFERENCES

• mandibularis. Eciton (Neivamyrmex) pilosum subsp. mandibulare Smith, M.R. 1942c: 548, pl. 3, fig. 14 (m., figure (full face view) of m.) . [USA, AZ, Pima Co.; USNM, Cornell U.] Combination in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1955: 375.

• DISTRIBUTION. N. pilosus pilosus (F. Smith) is found in South America.
• TAXONOMY. Watkins, 1985: pl. 5, figs. 11, 12 (figure (full face and lateral view of head) of m.) .

• mexicanus. Labidus mexicanus Smith, F. 1859b: 7 (m.) . [Mexico] Forel, 1899d: 27 (w.) . Combination in Eciton: Dalla Torre, 1893: 4; in E. (Labidus): Emery, 1895d: 260; in E. (Acamatus): Emery, 1900e: 187; in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 544; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 8. Variety of pilosus: Borgmeier, 1936b: 59. Junior synonym of pilosus: Smith, M.R. 1942c: 544. Revived from synonymy as subspecies of pilosus: Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 361.
• clavicornis. Eciton clavicornis Norton, 1868b: 46 (w.) . [Mexico] Junior synonym of pilosus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 5; Emery, 1910b: 25. Synonymy: Mayr, G. 1886b: 120 .
• subsulcatum. Eciton (Labidus) subsulcatum Mayr, G. 1886d: 440 (m.) . [USA, TX] Synonymy: Dalla Torre, 1893: 4; Borgmeier, 1955: 361.
• aztecum. Eciton (Acamatus) aztecum Forel, 1901m: 49 (w.) . [Guatemala] Variety of mexicanus: Emery, 1910b: 26; of pilosus: Wheeler, W.M. 1921d: 314. Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1936b: 60.
• militarium. Eciton (Labidus) spininode st. militarium Santschi, 1929f: 85 (w.) . [Panama] Note that the page number of the original citation is "Santschi, 1929f: 84" not "Santschi, 1929f: 85" as in Smith, D.R. 1979: 1332. Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1955: 361.

• DISTRIBUTION. Miss., Ark., La., Okla., Tex., Calif., s. to Colombia.
• TAXONOMY. Borgmeier, 1936b: 60.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 1, pl. 2, fig. 8, pl. 4, fig. 3, pl. 5, figs. 9, 10 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w., figure (full face and lateral view of head) of m.) .
• MISCELLANEOUS. Smith, M.R. 1924b: 85.— Watkins & Cole, 1966: 254–265 (attraction of workers to secretion of queens) .— Watkins, Cole & Baldridge, 1967: 146–151 (trail following and trail preference) .

• rugulosus. Neivamyrmex rugulosus Borgmeier, 1953: 49 (w.) . [Mexico]

• DISTRIBUTION. Southern Arizona; Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Borgmeier, 1955: 515.— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 3, fig. 2, pl. 4, fig. 8, pl. 5, fig 16 (figure (full face, lateral, and top view) of w., fgure (full face view) of m.) .— LaPolla, Mueller, et.al. 2002: 251–256 (emigration, observations on a raid of a Trachymrymex arizonensis colony, raids resulted in 75 per cent brood loss and no worker loss) .

• swainsonii. Labidus swainsonii Shuckard, 1840a: 201 (m.) . [Brazil] Combination in Eciton: Forel, 1895b: 121; in E. (Acamatus): Emery, 1900e: 187; in E. (Neivamyrmex): Borgmeier, 1948b: 462; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 15. Note that the correct spelling of the specific name is 'swainsonii' not 'swaisonii' as in Bolton, 1995b: 291.
• arizonense. Eciton (Acamatus) arizonense Wheeler, W.M. 1908h: 414, pl. 26, fig. 5 (m.) . [USA, AZ, Santa Cruz Co.; MCZ] Combination in E. (Neivamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1942c: 581; in Neivamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 18. Subspecies of swainsonii: Boregmeier, 1953: 19. Synonymy: Borgmeier, 1955: 454.
• swainsoni. Neivamyrmex swainsoni Watkins, 1976: 4 (attributed to Shuckard) . Incorrect subsequent spelling of Neivamyrmex swainsonii Shuckard.
• swaisonii. Neivamyrmex swaisonii Bolton, 1995b: 291 (attributed to Shuckard) . Incorrect subsequent spelling of Neivamyrmex swainsonii Shuckard.

• DISTRIBUTION. LA, TX and Southwestern USA south to Argentina.
• MISCELLANEOUS. Rojas-Fernández & Fragoso, 1994: 551 (diagnosis of w., habitat) .

• texanus. Neivamyrmex texanus Watkins, 1972: 353, figs. 2–4, 11, 14, 17–19, 33, 34, 49, 61 (w.q.m.) . [USA, TX, Travis Co.; MCZ, USNM, LACM, AMNH] Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1984a: 273 (l.) .

• DISTRIBUTION. Also found in Mexico.
• TAXONOMY. Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 161 (description of m (as schmitti)) .— Borgmeier, 1955: 496 (description of m. (as nigrescens)) .— Watkins, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 4, pl. 2, fig. 11, pl. 4, fig. 7, pl. 5, fig. 3 (figure (full face, lateral, and top views) of w., figure (full face view) of m.) .—Ward, 1999: 88–90.
• ALL REFERENCES
• PHOTOS.