Contents

    Preface ix

  1. Introduction 1

    Constraints 2
    Intelligence Amplification 4
    Overview of Book 6

Part I: Foundation Concepts 9

  1. Collaboration as an Information Processing Activity 11

    Three Scenarios 11
    Model of Information Type and Flow 23
    Issues for Research 28

  2. Computer Support for Collaboration 31

    Asynchronous Tools 32
    Synchronous Tools 40
    A Comprehensive System 53
    Issues for Research 62

  3. Cognitive Models and Architectures 66

    General IPS Models and Architectures 66
    Specialized IPS Models 76
    Objection to Collective Intelligence 101
    Summary 102

Part II: Building a Concept of Collective Intelligence 105

  1. Collective Memory 108

    Tangible Knowledge 109
    Intangible Knowledge 114
    Issues for Research 119

  2. Collective Processing 122

    Processor for Tangible Knowledge 123
    Processor for Intangible Knowledge 142
    Hybrid Processor 149
    Issues for Research 153

  3. Collective Strategy 156

    Concept of Strategy 158
    Individuals 161
    Collaborative Groups 176
    Issues for Research 202

  4. Collective Awareness and Control 204

    Awareness 207
    Control 213
    Issues for Research 217

  5. Conclusion 221

    References 230

    Author Index 239

    Subject Index 243

    email: jbs@cs.unc.edu
    url: http://www.cs.unc.edu/~jbs/